Acção
Autor | Helder Martins Leitão |
Cargo do Autor | Advogado |
Páginas | 16-17 |
s.f. (lat. actione).
s.c.: maneira de actuar; tudo o que se faz.
As acções definem-se, desde o direito romano, como os meios de pedir em juízo o que nos é devido, ou o meio de tornar efectivo o nosso direito em juízo. Mas tão correlativas são as ideias de direito e de acção, que não poucas vezes se emprega, indiferentemente, uma ou outra para significar a mesma ideia. No entretanto, o direito existe antes da acção judicial, e é dela independente. Pode existir o direito sem se poder pôr em juízo a acção para o tornar efectivo; e não pode existir a acção sem direito que seja o seu objectivo. Pela natureza do direito é que se determina sempre a natureza da acção. A acção em definitivo é o meio e o direito o fim.
O que caracteriza a acção de simples apreciação e a distingue da acção de condenação é a ausência de lesão ou violação do direito. A acção de condenação pressupõe um facto ilícito, isto é, que o direito já foi violado; a acção de simples apreciação é anterior à violação do direito ou tudo se passa como se o fosse. Por outras palavras, a acção de condenação representa uma reacção contra determinada violação da ordem jurídica, contra a falta de cumprimento duma obrigação; e como esta pode consistir ou na prestação duma coisa ou na prestação de um facto, a acção tem por objecto exigir a prestação que deixou de ser satisfeita. As acções constitutivas têm por fim autorizar uma mudança na ordem jurídica existente. Ao passo que a acção declarativa (de simples apreciação ou de condenação) reconhece ou aprecia uma situação pré-existente, a acção constitutiva cria uma situação nova. Daí vem que os efeitos da sentença proferida na acção declarativa se produzem ex tunc, enquanto da sentença proferida na acção constitutiva se produzem ex nunc. As acções executivas são aquelas que se destinam a obter as providências adequadas à reparação efectiva do direito violado.O código anterior definia-as como sendo as que se propusessem para dar realidade efectiva ao direito declarado. Tal fórmula tinha o inconveniente de parecer excluir as acções baseadas em título diverso da sentença declarativa, ainda que o ilustre autor do projecto respectivo observasse que se devia considerar declarado o direito constante dos títulos extrajudiciais, desde que a lei lhes atribuisse eficácia executiva. A definição actual apresenta-se, tecnicamente, mais perfeita.
Remissões: arts. 2.º, 4.º, 267.º e 275.º C.P.C..
Jurisprudência:
Ac. Rel. Porto, de 23/01/03, in JTRP00032660...
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