Penhora
Autor | Helder Martins Leitão |
Cargo do Autor | Advogado |
Páginas | 214-215 |
Page 214
s.f. (lat. pignorare).
s.c.: acto ou efeito de apreender por meio de processo executivo.
Os limites objectivos da penhora são marcados por duas regras gerais e pelas correspondentes excepções: em regra, os bens patrimoniais respondem por qualquer dívida do seu titular; em princípio, os bens são penhoráveis.
Porém, imensas limitações se conhecem, a esta regra geral, seja em sede de direito substantivo, seja em âmbito de direito adjectivo.
No primeiro caso, a impenhorabilidade pode resultar de convenção das partes.
Isto porque, são válidos os factos celebrados entre credor e devedor e que se traduzam na impenhorabilidade de certos bens.
No plano adjectivo temos: bens absoluta ou totalmente impenhoráveis; relativamente impenhoráveis e parcialmente penhoráveis.
São ainda impenhoráveis a quantia em dinheiro ou depósito bancário resultantes da satisfação de crédito impenhorável, nos mesmos termos em que o era o crédito originariamente existente, a penhora de bens comuns do casal, a penhora na comunhão ou compropriedade, a penhora de navio ou de mercadorias carregadas em navio já despachado para viagem, a descarga, no caso de penhora, de mercadorias carregadas e a apreensão de bens em poder de terceiro.
Da penhora lavra-se auto, em que se regista a hora da diligência, se relacionam os bens por verbas numeradas e se indica, sempre que possível, o valor aproximado de cada verba.
Page 215
A par da penhora de móveis e de imóveis, a penhora de créditos consiste na notificação ao devedor de que o crédito fica à ordem do tribunal da execução.
É uma das hipóteses da penhora de direitos, sendo outra a penhora sobre bens indivisos a que o executado tem direito - comproprietário, sócio, co-herdeiro.
Apontam-se como efeitos da penhora:
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