Associação criminosa
Autor | Helder Martins Leitão |
Cargo do Autor | Advogado |
Páginas | 133-135 |
Page 133
Pratica um crime de associação criminosa, quem:53
[ GR¡FICO EM ARQUIVO ADJUNTO ]
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[ GR¡FICO EM ARQUIVO ADJUNTO ]
Page 135
Os três itens ou se quizermos as três graduações apresentadas dizem - como se vê - respeito ao mesmo tipo de crime, o de associação criminosa tributária.
Só que nas hipóteses I e II , estamos em face de uma associação criminosa tributária simples, enquanto na hipótese III , se trata de uma associação criminosa tributária agravada.
Como quer que seja, na hipótese I , II ou III , sempre a pena pode ver-se especialmete atenuada ou até mesmo não ter lugar a punição se o agente impedir ou se esforçar seriamente 56 para impedir a continuação dos grupos, organizações ou associações ou comunicar à autoridade a sua existência, de modo a esta poder evitar a prática de crimes tributários. 57
Naturalmente que o leitor já se perguntou: quando existe uma associação criminosa? Como se prova?
Ora, a associação criminosa pressupõe, cumulativamente:
- existência de uma associação 58 com a finalidade de cometimento de crimes;
- organização permanente;
- laços de entre os membros.
Para se provar a existência de associação criminosa bastará demonstrar que há um acordo de vontades de duas ou mais pessoas para a consecução de fins criminosos e uma certa estabilidade ou permanência 59 ou, pelo menos, o propósito de ter essa estabilidade.
Ainda que a associação se dissolva logo depois de constituída e, por isso, não tenha, na realidade, durado, não deixará de existir o crime se tiver havido nos associados a resolução de a constituir para durar.
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[53] Se pena mais grave não lhe couber, nos termos de outra lei penal.
[54] Idem rodapé antecedente.
[55] Idem pé-de-página 53.
[56] O que é «seriamente»?
Deixa-se ao critério do juiz, o que é, «seriamente», uma incerteza (cfr. n.º 4, art. 89.º R.G.I.T.).
[57] Não é o único caso em que o Fisco estimula o aparecimento de «chibos».
[58] Grupo, pluralidade de pessoas.
[59] A ideia de estabilidade e permanência distingue, aliás, a associação criminosa da comparticipação.
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