Introdução
Autor | Luís Poças |
Páginas | 13-15 |
Page 13
No âmbito do debate teórico que ocorreu, na transição para o séc. XX, em torno da natureza do contrato de seguro, parte da doutrina excluiu da mesma o seguro de vida, sob o argumento de que aí não haveria uma transferência de risco ou um contrato aleatório, mas um contrato de poupança ou capitalização2. Entretanto, as palavras capitalização e poupança foram, de alguma forma, proscritas do vocabulário segurador do ramo “Vida”, sobretudo com a generalização da perspectiva, hoje dominante, que defende o carácter unitário do contrato de seguro3 sob a égide da sua função indemnizatória, do seu carácter aleatório e de um objecto que consiste na transferência dos efeitos económicos de um risco (entendido, coerentemente, como a probabilidade de ocorrência de um evento futuro, incerto e potencialmente danoso).
A título de exemplo, podemos citar algumas posições doutrinárias portuguesas de referência quanto ao conceito de contrato de seguro. Assim, Pedro Romano Martinez define o seguro como «o contrato aleatório por via do qual uma das partes (seguradora) se obriga, mediante o recebimento de um prémio, a suportar um risco, liquidando o sinistro que venha a ocorrer»4. Nesta perspectiva, o contrato tem por objecto a transferência de um risco contra o pagamento de um prémio, assumindo-se, portanto, o risco como o elemento determinante do objecto do contrato de seguro5. Numa perspectiva dogmaticamente próxima, Menezes Cordeiro6 define o contrato de seguro como aquele em que «uma pessoa transfere Page 14 para outra o risco da verificação de um dano, na esfera própria ou alheia, mediante o pagamento de determinada remuneração»7.
Porém, a recente revolução financeira8 que atravessou o sector segurador “Vida” veio introduzir novas modalidades contratuais e colocar em evidência a performance dos activos, reforçando a vertente financeira nos seguros de vida: esbateu-se a relevância da componente “puro risco”9 e, simultaneamente, ocorreu um crescimento exponencial do volume de negócios das seguradoras “Vida”.
Neste contexto, verificou se a difusão recente (nas últimas duas décadas, no caso português) de contratos celebrados entre seguradoras "Vida" e tomadores do seguro, que seguem uma estrutura comum e que se caracterizam, fundamentalmente, por o capital seguro (quer em caso de morte, quer em caso de vida da pessoa segura) não ser convencionado entre as partes, mas resultar da sucessiva capitalização dos prémios pagos e dos juros vencidos sobre os...
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